hnak alkthyr min aldiyanat fi alyabani, 'illa 'anah bhsb 'iihsayiyaat wikalat althaqafat alyabaniat hi hwaly 160 milyun nasamat yatabieun alshantaw, hwaly 96 milyun nasamat yatabieun albiwdhiata, 2 milyun yatabieun almasihiati, bial'iidafat 'iilaa milyun nasamat yatabieun aldiyanat al'ukhraa, wabijame al'aedad yusbih aleadad alkuliya masawianaan 215 milyun nasamat wahadha yuqabil taqribaan daef eadad sukkan alyaban alhali. tati hadhih alzzahirat min aihtifal mezm alyabaniayn bial'aeyad walmunasabat alty tajri ealaa madar alsanat walati tatabie mukhtalif aldiyanat khasatan alshintu walbudhiati, hayth yataradad mezm sukkan alyaban ealaa almaeabid albudhiat wa'adrihat alshintu fi almunasabat almukhtalifati, bial'iidafat 'iilaa 'iiqamat albaed lihaflat alzifaf fi alkanayis. hayth yadhhab mezm al'ashkhas fi alyaban 'iilaa 'adrihat alshintu fi ras alsanati, wamahrijanat alrbye walsayfi, kama yahtafilun bimahrijan 'uwbun aldhy yatabie min albudhiat kama tuqam tuqus aldufn fy alghalb ealaa altariqat albiwdhiati, wayatabadalun alhadaya fi eid almilad waeid alhabi ealaa altariqat almasiahiat. shntu eadl adhat wuduh alshams altatbiq kdict.png muqalt mufsalat: shntu zaharat watatawarat fi alyaban. lm tueraf dianat alshintu -walty tarakt 'athraan balgha qy altafkir alyabani- tariqiha 'iilaa alaintishar ealaa ghirar aldiyanat al'ukhraa. lays lihadhih aldiyanat taealim muhadadat, alshay' aldhy jaealaha tanfatih ealaa aleadat aldiyniat al'ukhraa bidun 'an tuathir hadhih fi khasiatiha watasalaha alfaridayna. alshintu waltaqalid alty tulazimuha zalat dayimaan mutawajidat fi mazahir alhayat alyawmiat alyabaniat. yaseub wasaf aldiyanat alshintawiat li'anah waeaks kli aldiyanat al'ukhraa, la yaerif laha muasis wala muetaqad taqum ealayhi, la ymkn 'an naerifaha 'iilaa ean tariq majmueat min aleadat walmimarasati. eabr alttarikh nasha'at watatawarat edt firaq watawayif tadaei klha alaintima' 'iilaa eaqidat alshintu al'awaliati, walakun ay min hadhih altawayif lm yanjah fi 'an yafrid nazriaatuh waidea'atih. alyaban ealam mughlaq 'iilaa alqarn alsads, twafqt alshueub almukawanat lah ealaa 'ihyayyt hlwly (tjza' alquaa altbyey) wmarst sheyrt bdayy. lamaa aintasharat albwdhyt, bada'at almetqdat alqadimat tusamaa balshntw "klmt siniat teny" tariq alaliha "(balyabanyt, km-n-msh) ltmyyzha ean albtsd" tryqbwdha ". sttathr aldyantan alwahidat balakhra fi ma bed. earafat alasatyr alshntwyt bwastt ktabat hrrt fi alqarn althamn: alkjk, "mjmwet al'ashya' alqdym" walnhnf "mjmwet 'akhbar alyaban". thuma dabatat fi alqarn aleashir alsalawat waltqws aldiyniat walaeyad alsanawiat alkbra, fi alanfshk "tratyb eahid alanf". tuthir hadhih alnusus mafhum "alkmy" trjmt tarjamat rdyy "ball". yumathil "alkmy" kl taqat kafilatan bi'ana tahul tahul alwaqe: alalihat alkibar (amtrs, alihatan alshams wealm alahya', ssnw, 'ilt almuhit walhabu walfwda) lkn 'aydaan al'abtal walhkma' walhywanat (althelb 'inn, mahala eibadat alkhswbt, shaebiat jda) wqwa altabieiat albadayiyat , 'ilkh.mrkz althql llshntw, hi tabieat al'imbratwr al'ilhyt, almunhadir min amtrs, alat ezymt yujad mebdha fi 'is, bijazirat hnsh. lm yshtml alshntw al'aslii ealaa alakhlaq, 'illa 'anah yakhshaa "aldns" -aleaht mithl alkhta. nadj taht tathir balbwdhy. mzj fi alqarn alssabie mdhhba bayn albwdhyt walshntw: fkwn alryb, shntw. baeath alshntw mn jadid bad'aan min alqarn alssabie eshr bifiel madrasat alwfk-sh walshaykh mtwr nrn f (1801-1730) .w'ithr suqut alshwghwn al'akhir fi 1868 jelt al'imbratwr mtsht din aldawla .thm ma fta' fi alqarn aleishrin 'ana sar masdar 'iilham fi nazar alshaeb alyabany. budhiat eadl adhat wuduh alshams altatbiq kdict.png muqalt mufslat: bwdhia hi dianat tama tasisiha ean tariq altaealim alty tarakaha budha 'almutayqz ". nashat albudhiat fi shamalii alhind watadrijiaa aintasharat fi 'anha' 'usya, altayabt fasrilanka, thum 'iilaa alsiyn, manghuliaa, kuarya, falyaban. tatamahwar aleaqidat albudhiat hawl 3 'umur (aljawahir althalath): 'awlaha, al'iiman bibawdha kamaelim mustanir lileaqidat albudhiati, thaniha, al'iiman b "dharma" wahi taealim budha watusamaa hadhih altaealiam bialhaqiqt, thalithuha wakharaha, almujtamae albudhi. taeni kalimat budha bilughat baly alhindiat alqadimati, "alrajl almtayqiza" (wtatarjm 'ahyanaan bikalimat almustanir). fi alyaban tajri mezm tuqus alwafat waldafn ealaa altariqat albudhiati, watuetabar tayifat alzun min 'ashhar tawayif albiwdhiat fi alyaban. qadam rhban mhynyt 'iilaa kuria sanatan 520. ymkn 'an nlahz thlath marahil fi dukhul hdha aldiyn aljadid fi alyaban, dhlk aldhy hala mfarqt makan alebadt alaslyt, fi balad qawmi mithl hdha albld. aitasamat kl min hadhih almarahil althlatht bnshat mll kbyrt, tjmet hawl markaz diniin nshyt bisifat khas. almarhalat al'uwlaa (710-794) hi marhalat mll nz, anqrdt alyawm tqryba, 'illa 'anaha demt alanshar mae alshntw, jaelt min alalihat amtrs bwdha wyrkn wamin 'ilt alharb hshmn 'ilha hu bdhstw. tmyzt mll hyyn (794-1192) almutamarkizat hawl kiutu (hyyn-ky hu alaism alqadim lkywtw) bisifatiha alsryt, baetrafha alghamd. bimabda wahid wbtathyrat tntryt ghalba ma tahawalat 'iilaa alshr: fahi mll tndy w shnfn, almawjudat dwma. ray shaeb alkmkr (1192-1603) aldhy ekrt sfwh altraeat al'iqtaeyt, aldiyn min manzur eamali 'akthar minh mytafyzyqya. andhak anbft subul alnajat alkbra. bahath alzn, almwss min qibal aysy (1215-1141) aintilaqaan min madrasat altaml albwdhyt alsiynia (tshn) waladhi nashrat fi alqarn alththalith eshr shy dysh, ean al'ishraq (str) aldhy yasmah baktshaf almtlq. thaman hdha alkashf alrwaqyt, alsrah alrjwly dida alahwa', alsaytarat ealaa alttaqat eind althrk. fahi sabil alnukhbat walsamwray. alamdyt hi fi almuqabil dianat alnaemat walmnt walastslam almtwade ll'ilh alrhym, bwdha amtbh. numayiz fi sulb alamdyt aljd-sh, madrasat albalad alnqy, almuasasat min qibal hnn shnn fi 1175 w
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